Different Generations Speak Different Languages Essay Example for Free

Different Generations Speak Different Languages Essay Different generations in the same country speak different languages? Sounds impossible, but it is indeed the case. Consider situations in which your mother does not understand what you say to your classmates, situations in which you cannot figure out what your mother refers by a simple abbreviation and situations in which your father cannot reflect your undertone of some words. Different generations speak different languages, causing conflicts and misunderstandings. According to the passage What can words do and cannot do, words have denotative meanings and connotation meanings. Denotative meanings are meanings defined by the dictionary, which cause little misunderstandings. On the other hand, connotative meanings are associated with personal experiences and are likely to cause conflicts. But in the context of communication between different generations, there are both likely to evoke misunderstandings. Some connotative meanings of words are so widely recognized by a certain generation or group of people, that they consider these meanings as denotative meanings. But these meanings are unknown to other groups and are not included in the dictionary. The word, net, for example, may mean a trap made of netting to catch fish or birds or insects in your grandfathers dictionary but means a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange when you talk to your friends meet on the net. From this aspect, language of different generations do differ in the conception of words. Different generations may be confused by denotative meanings, not to mention by connotative meanings. The connotative meaning of a word is the associations and overtones people bring to it. When we hear a word, the thoughts and feelings we have about that word and about the person using it determine what that word ultimately means to us. (What can words do and cannot do,Weaver, Understanding Interpersonal Communication, pp. 230-333 ) Consider the word news perceived by different generations. Your grandfather may reflect news as titles in printed newspaper or radio messages while your father form in his head the television correspondent and you, a teenager thinks of web-sites. These difference in language is brought by the development of social and technology. Words and phrases have their life cycle, there are times when certain words and expressions thrive and time when they die. It is not uncommon that older generations tend to use words, phrases and expressions that are seldom used by younger generation. Moreover, young people have the tendency to make expressions short. For example, instead of saying good morning, they say morning, instead of lots of laughs, they type LOL and so on. So next time when talking to your grandmother, use less abbreviations. Difference languages spoken by different generations giving rise to unavoidable misunderstanding, so bearing in mind that different person has varied perception of words and may not understand what you mean. Dont be bothered to interpret in detail what you mean to be fully understood by other generations.

Singapore Essay example -- Politics, Social Control

Can Singapore be described in terms of a Foucauldian ‘disciplinary society’ or a Deleuzian ‘control society’? Deleuze proposed that we are in the midst of shift from Foucault’s ‘society of discipline’ to a ‘society of control’ (1992: 3). Unlike the ‘disciplinary society’ where subjects progress from one ‘moulding’ institution to another (schools, college, factories, offices, etc.), a ‘control society’ is typified by constant modulation (Wise, 2002: 32). According to Rose, control operates by affiliating subjects to a variety of practices which by design encourage adherence to certain norms in modern liberal societies (2000: 325). This is what Deleuze meant by a ‘society of control’. Best believes we need to adopt the Deleuzian concept of a ‘control society’ to explain the societies emerging in the context of the increased surveillance and network capacity perm itted by new ICTs (2010: 9). On the other hand, Hardt and Negri propose this ‘society of control’ is simply an 'intensification and generalisation of the normalising apparatuses of disciplinarity', that now reaching beyond the institutions that initiated them and into fluctuating networks (2000: 23). Likewise, Munro believes Foucault’s disciplinary mechanism need updating to bring it in-line with the capacities of modern technologies, not replacing (2000: 693). It is necessary to distinguish between unconscious social control and social control in relation to the institution, the latter being the planned management of a socialised human activity (Lianos, 2003: 415). Institutional control is integral to the specific activities, is usually bureaucratic, and 'is part both of the rationale and the outcome of these activities' (Lianos, 2003: 415). Lianos uses the example of... ... Google offers 'free' storage space, along with other privileges and useful tools, in exchange for personal information that it might use to market targeted goods to its users (Andrejevic, 2007: 296). People submitted their details to Google and Facebook not out of fear or a sense of duty, but so they may enjoy the benefits offered. Although Singaporeans do value their privacy, they are willing to submit that privacy in exchange for financial rewards or convenience (Hui et al., 2007: 27). These authors also report a growing disgruntlement at the increasing amounts of information that websites are demanding. However, it was the quantity of information requested, rather than the sensitivity of the information that had any significant influence on compliance (Hui et al., 2007: 27). This certainly aligns with the ‘enticement model’ proposed by Whitaker (1999: 141).

Generals Die in Bed †Plot Essay

When he thought war contained glory and glamour, he finds himself wrong when his comrades start to die, beginning with Brown. A while later, he is emotionally affected when he kills a German with his bayonet. His emotional status worsens when another of his friend dies. The narrator then goes on leave for 10 days in England, where a prostitute makes him forget about the war. When he comes back, an attempt to raid the Germans takes place where the rest of his friends, except Broadbent dies. The general tells the new team that the Germans sank a hospital ship, and organizes another raid, this time to kill everyone. The narrator has wounded his foot, and discover that Broadbent was mortally wounded too. Broadbent’s leg is hanging by a string of flesh, but then dies by blood loss. Then the war is over. The recruits are told that the general lied, the Germans didn’t sink a hospital ship. It was a ship filled with weapons. He then realizes war is basically a chess game for the generals, and the soldiers are just young boys, listening to the orders, with meaningless ideals Wikipedia

Stock Exchanges Contribute A Lot Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2826 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Stock exchanges contribute a lot in economy no matter it represent to the develop country, under develop or the developing country. The only thing which matters is how and why they are known to be the integral part of the economy? The answer for this question is complicated, as not only the stock exchange effect economy but also the other way round; Economy can also influence the stock exchanges. The fact lies in how efficiently stock exchanges absorb these economic changes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stock Exchanges Contribute A Lot Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Stock exchange in simple words can be describe as A stock exchange is an entity (company) which provides trading facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities. With the introduction of economic policies and the availability of state of the art facilities in many stock exchanges, investors are finding easy access to stock markets around the world and Pakistan has no exceptions. No one can ignore the reality that stock market portrait the image of economy has increased the importance of stock exchanges. It has been observed that from past few years different governments in their tenor emphasized on strengthening the stock market, and especially the previous government. Macroeconomic variables affect economy in relation with these variations it may go up or down. Gross Domestic Product, Inflation rate, unemployment rate and interest rate they all give a picture of present and upcoming activities. Inflation is in direct relation with the economy growth which occurs because of increase in demands of public for the goods which is also called derived demand which helps recession to move up Interest rates targets are also a vital tool of monetary policy and are taken into account when dealing with variables like investment, inflation, and unemployment. High interest rate affect the economy in negative manner because profit on investment becomes less and borrowing cost increases. Interest rate also effect domestic currency which results in decrease in export. Recession goes up in country when currency deflates. When inflation increases and Gross Domestic Product decreases, it effect the firms in negative manner because firms incur losses and unable to cover their expenditure because of lower sales. The aim behind choosing this topic is to study the impacts of macroeconomic variables on returns of stocks ie KSE 100 index. This topic is selected to discover the impacts of macroeconomic variables on returns of different firms. 1.2 Research Question How the stock returns in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) 100 index behaves when macro variables like interest rates (KIBOR) changes, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate changes? 1.3 Purpose of the study: The purpose behind this research is to inspect the affects of interest rate, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate on stock returns of the firms enlisted on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) 100 index. 1.4 Research Methodology: 1.4.1 Data Collection: This study is based on secondary data so the data which: Brochures and Magazines. Annual Reports Manuals. Internet Website. Articles essays. As Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) 100 index as our area of consideration, as top hundred companies of Pakistan are listed in KSE 100 index. This research includes data from KSE100 index, Interest rate (KIBOR rates), Exchange rate and Inflation Rate of 7 years on monthly basis. The period ranges from June, 2005 to August, 2012. 1.4.2 Methodology: To explore the affects of macroeconomic factors specially inflation, Gross Domestic Product, Interest rate and Exchange rate on stock returns of firms from KSE 100 index. Secondary data is been used in this research. A Multiple Cross sectional Model is used in this study. 1.5 Variables of the Study: From the topic under study, we will find the effect of KIBOR on return on stocks, so: Interest rate (KIBOR), Exchange rate and Inflation Rate. as Independent Variable. KSE 100 index as Dependant Variable. 1.6 Research Hypothesis: Hi: Stock returns (KSE 100 index) are affected by Interest rate, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate. H0: Stock returns (KSE 100 index) are not affected by Interest rate, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate. 1.7 Limitation of the Study The limitations of this research are: Lack of expertise in the field of research. Lack of time is one of the major limitations in our study. Availability of the information required. Financial Constrains. Chapter 2 Literature Review It has been observed and understood that macroeconomic variables like interest rates and money supply contributes a lot in the movement of stock prices and it has been widely accepted phenomenon but pragmatic studies for the verification of these theories originally started in 1980s. The reports of different literature also connote that there should be wide range of data to examine the effects of interest rates on stock returns because the higher the frequency of data to be examined the more valid the research becomes. A study conducted on Jakarta stock exchange by Gupta, et al. (2000) examined the relationship between interest rate, exchange rate and stock prices this study was conducted for a time span of five years (1993-1997) which was further divided in to three sub periods from the periods under consideration the results came out to be random as their was irregular relationship between stock prices and interest rate and weak unidirectional relationship between exchange rate and stock price the overall evidence failed to establish any consistent relationship between any of the economic variables under study. According to Chaudhuri and Koo (2001), they examined that which factor have more significant affect on stock returns in selected countrys stock markets and they found that stock return volatility is affected by independent variables. In Thailand, Malaysia and South Korea stock returns are highly affected by government expenditure therefore investors have to consider about government expenditures. The finding of their research shows that Asian stock markets depend commonly on each other. According to Novak (2001), he found out that if beta is combined with interest rate then there is a strong effect on stock returns. Earlier researches have shown that there is a strong effect of interest rate and exchange rate on stock returns which play a vital role in determining the share prices in financial firms. According to Apergis Eleftheriou ( 2002), There are many studies which shows that there is negative effect of interest rate and stock prices i.e. when interest rate increase the stock listed in stock exchanges decreases and vice versa but there are also many scholars which addresses this issue other way round, that the interest rate have a positive impact of stocks. In theory, the stock prices and interest rates are very much interrelated to each other which is the primarily choice for the investors to make their portfolio. There is a negative relation between interest rates and stock prices which means that investor predicates that if there is increase in interest rate, stock price will decrease and vice versa. This relation is already proven by Paul Mallik (2003),Nasseh Strauss(2004),McMillan(2005)and Jayaraman Puah( 2007). According to Chong and Koh (2003), the effects of interest rates can also be demarcated upon stock prices and its return which is supported by the efficient market hypothesis which sugg ests that there are always profit maximizing investors in market, and for competing with each other they tries to ensure that all the relevant information related to changes in macro economic variables are reflected in current stock prices. This is important for investors because it restrict them from earning abnormal profit by the help of calculated future stock market movements According to Nishat and Shaheen (2004), by testing the relation among KSE index and interest rate, and other factors by using quarterly data from 1973 2004 and applied the VECM(Vector error correction model). In this study they observed that five factors are connected and two interactions in the long run is present between the selected forces. They also analyzed that GDP has positive effect on stock prices but the affects of inflation on value of stock is negative in Pakistan. In a research, Maysami et al (2004) observed that the mostly industrialized countries macroeconomic variables like industrial production, interest rate and exchange rate have immense influence of on stock market Having this as a basis many researchers are now turning their attention to study the similar relationships in developing countries especially countries known as growth engine of Asia. Furthermore an investigation shows that policy makers must be really careful when trying to stabilize the economy by editing in macroeconomic variables because by trying to correct the inflation or unemployment they might not knowingly depress stock market, and curtail capital formation which itself would contribute to slow down of the economy. In this study VECHM was used to estimate the co integration vectors. The study conclude that due to co integrating relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock prices, the overall behavior of stock market may be predicted and the policy makers may redesign economic policy if their desire of affecting the stock prices has not been achieved. They also suggested that so me indices are affected by all macroeconomic variables while others are affected by selected macroeconomic variables. In Wong, Khan and Du (2005), conducted a study on long run as well as short run relationships between the major stock indices of Singapore and united states and also considered some macro economic variables such as money supply, and interest rates by means of time series analysis. The overall economy affect interest rate and prices and ultimately influence stock prices.They found that before 1997 Asian financial crises, the Singapore stock market where cointegrated with interest rate and money supply and this trend was vanished after the crises, they also use the granger causality test to study the systematic casual relationships. According to Erdem et al (2005), they examined the effect of economic variables on Istanbul stock exchange. The method they used was exponential generalized E-GARCH in modern terms. They used the model to find unvaried volatility spil lovers for economic variables. They concluded their research by finding a strong unidirectional volatility spillover from interest rate, inflation to all stock price indexes. They further elaborate that there is a negative volatility spillover between inflation and stock exchanges, but they found a positive spillover between interest rate and stock exchanges indexes. They also pointed out that there exists a volatility spillover in emerging markets. According to Cifter et al. (2008), they performed a study to examine the impact of changes in interest rates on stock returns in turkey by using wavelet analysis with granger casualty test the result of the study showed that the effect of interest rate on stock price is negative and using this empirical result the Turkish stock returns can be forecasted. According to LÃ ©on ( 2008), the work on Effect of interest rate volatility on stock returns and volatility used Two GRACH models in their study, one comprising of without interes t rate and second includes interest rates in conditional means and variables. The results of this study show that interest rates have a significant impact and predictive power on stock returns in Korea, and a weak predictive power for volatility. This study also stress on policy implication for investors. It suggested that Investors may adjust their investment through taking monetary policies as a mean and paying attention on it. According to Vardar et al. (2008), presented a study on Istanbul stock exchange and investigated the impact of interest rate and exchange rate on different sectors. The study shows that the arrivals of interest and exchange rate information significantly affect indices in Istanbul stock exchange which ultimately affect the stock prices. The investor is always concerned about the expected profit over the time horizon. This expectation can be calculated by interest rates existing in the current market. The expected returns have significant effects on real returns so once an investor has expected the return he should also take into account the volatilities in the interest market and then decide in their capital market. Further the study also elaborate that the returns in stock investment should be related to interest variations because the higher the holdings are in capital market, the higher the effects on it. This study was tested by using wavelet analysis with Granger causality tests for the complexity of capital market and nonlinearities in stock returns According to Alam, and Salah, Uddin (2009), In 15 developed and underdeveloped countries they examined the impact of fluctuation in interest rate on share prices and monthly data was used from Jan 1988 to Mar 2003. They identified that in both developed and underdeveloped countries the resulting affects on share prices by the interest rate is mixed. In Japan the relation between stocks prices and interest rate is positive while in Malaysia share prices and the interest rate is not associated and stock prices of South Africa, Bangladesh, Colombia and Italy are inversely related with interest rate. They founded that except Philippine in all selected countries the relation between share prices and fluctuation in interest rate is inverse According to Hussainey Le Khanh Ngoc, (2009),a study conducted in Vietnam to analyze the impact of macroeconomic variable on Vietnam stock exchange elaborates with the help of methodology introduced by Nasseh and Strauss (2000) found that macroeconomic indicators(foreign and domestic) has an impact on stock prices of Vietnam. The findings of this study included that the industrial production has a positive effect on Vietnamese stock prices, as long as interest rate is concern long and short term interest rate not affecting the stock prices in the same direction. According to Alam Ghazi (2009), they investigated that the result varies from country to country; to find the inefficiency of market they used time series and panel regressions. After this testing they found that interest rate and share prices for many countries were negatively correlated more over fluctuation in interest rate and share prices is also negatively correlated for six countries. By these findings one can say that interest rate is the key variable for many countries and if the interest rate is controlled in these countries, stock exchange can be benefited as people will start investing in share market, and companies will start extensional investments. It is determined by different authors and researchers that return on stocks are affected by many variables like Supply and demand, firm size and profitability, dividend per share etc. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Sources of data: As the research is secondary in nature so the data is gathered from different websites.KSE 100 index data is taken from Karachi Stock Exchange website and KIBOR rates is taken from State Bank of Pakistan website. 3.2 Variables: Four variables are used in the research, we will find the effect of Interest rates, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate on return on stocks (KSE 100 Index), so: 3.2.1. Interest rate (KIBOR rates), Exchange rate and Inflation Rate as Independent Variable. 3.2.2 KSE 100 index as Dependant Variable. 3.2.1. Interest Rates (KIBOR): KIBOR means Karachi interbank offer rates which are defined as lending/borrowing rates quoted by the banks. The banks under this arrangement quote these rates at specified time i.e. 11.30 AM at Reuters. Currently 20 banks are member of KIBOR club and by excluding 4 upper and 4 lower extremes, rates are averaged out that are quoted for both ends ie offer as well bid. The quote rates available in KIBOR ranges from one week to 3 years. KIBOR is used as a benchmark for corporate lending rates. 3.2.2 KSE 100 Index: Karachi Stock exchange 100 index is stock index acting as a standard to compare prices on Karachi Stock exchange over a period of time. The company with highest market capitalization is selected. In this index high market capitalization from each sector is also included. The index was launched in Nov.1991 with base point of 100 points. By 2001, it had grown to 1770 points and reached 12,285 in Feb 2007.A day before ie 26 December 2007,former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated, it was on record high ever 14,814 points. During Global Crisis 2008 it decreased to 9,187 points. It reached to record highest level on November 7, 2012 which is 16,218 points which is now taken as emerging market in Asia. 3.2.3 Exchange Rate: Exchange rate is the value of one currency in terms of another currency. Exchange rate may positively or negatively affect stock return depending on the economy of the country. 3.2.4 Inflation Rate: Inflation is increase in prices of goods and services due to which people will buy smaller amount of goods with the same amount of money. Inflation negatively affects stock returns because profits of the firms decreases with increase in price of goods due to increased costs. 3.3 Model of the Research: To check the effects of macroeconomics variables on Stock Returns we use a Multiple Cross-sectional Regression Model. Where, R= KSE 100 Index. ITR= Interest Rate (KIBOR). IFR= Inflation Rate. ER= Exchange Rate. 3.5 Data Period: This research includes data from KSE100 index, Interest rate (KIBOR rates), Exchange rate and Inflation Rate of 7 years on monthly basis. The period ranges from June, 2005 to August, 2012. 3.5 Research hypothesis: H1: Stock returns (KSE 100 index) are affected by Interest rate, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate. H0: Stock returns (KSE 100 index) are not affected by Interest rate, Exchange rate and Inflation Rate. 3.6 Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of the study consist of dependent variable and independent variable KSE 100 Index Exchange Rates Inflation Rates Interest Rates (KIBOR Rates)