Does Science Aim at the Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Does Science count on at the Truth - Essay ExampleOther philosophers have also extended Platos ideas on knowledge, especially by focusing on how principles can be separated from truths. In Discourse, Descartes (1985, p. 131) says that some subject can further be known if you believe it, if it is truth, and if you have evidence asserting the belief. This is similar to Platos approach. The only contrast is that Descartes takes a slightly more practical approach and consider how people can justify their belief in something. The answer is that people justify their belief via evidence. If they have evidence that supports their belief, they have a designer to say that their belief is true. This suggests that the scientific approach is based on finding the truth, since it also uses evidence to support beliefs. A nonher philosopher that provides information on the topic is Lonergan. The focus of Lonergans philosophy is how ideas are micturated and used to create knowledge. In Insight A Study of Human Understanding (1957, p. 32) Lonergan argues that individuals gain knowledge by sceptical the data that is attained from experience. According to Lonergan, facts and knowledge are based in reality. However, people do not automatically have an understanding of facts and knowledge. Instead, people have to gain an understanding by questioning and considering their experience. In some cases, people will make assumptions about the world based on experience. They will and then test these assumptions to see if they are correct. In proposing this view, Lonergan is not talking about a scientific approach, merely is simply talking about how people learn about the world and acquire knowledge. The interesting thing is that his approach mirrors the scientific method. The scientific metho

NY Times Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NY Times - Case Study ExampleThe New York Times suffered a 3% decline in the total revenues. This was attributed to the evolving nature of journalism into new media and the uneven economic conditions that prevail exclusively over the world (The New York Time Company, 2012). The share prices of the fellowship has also fallen down 23% during the last three months and closed at $6.20 on April 16, 2012 (Science, 2012). This is attributed to the fact that advertising revenues have plummeted along with the readership of mark based newspapers (Kirchhoff, 2010).The New York Times faces a wide range of competitors from different fronts. In the case of fool publications, NY Times and The Globe face competition from The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, The Economist, and The Financial Times. On the online front, the company faces competition from Google News, Yahoo News, CNN.com, MSNBC.com, Guardian.co.uk, bbc.co.uk, CNet, iVillage and countless others.Recently New York Times, in order to fac e this challenge has scrape up up with a strategy whereby they intend to diversify their revenues into the digital medium and gaining cost efficiency in all areas. In the print medium, New York Times has cut down the paper size by reducing the width of the paper by 1.5 inches (Press Gazette, 2007). The strategy is also focused on using the hygienic brand appeal of the company to increase circulation reviews. The last dimension of the strategy is to manage the asset portfolio in such a way that it assists the core operations of the company and also ensures a strong digital presence (The New York Times Company, 2012b).Understanding the changing media and journalism landscape, New York Times Company went by a variety of changes. They limited their online article memory access to twenty articles per month for normal users and provided unlimited access to digital and print subscribers only. In order to keep the brand recognizable within the web, the company

Smoking in Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking in Public - Essay ExampleThese are particles that are twain medically dangers, as well as obstructing the quality of view of the surrounding area (Morbidity and fatality rate Weekly Report). Studies have also demonstrated significant improvements in crease quality after(prenominal) have bans were established (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). This data indicates that consume in national significantly hinders air quality. While in that location are many arguments supporting the ban of smoking in human beings places, there also exist a topic of counter-arguments to this contention. Even as medical curtilage has emerged that strongly demonstrates the perverting health affects of second-hand smoke, a number of civil rights activists have argued that this does not constitute a significant becoming reason to hold back the rights of others. Indeed, a number of counter-arguments to smoking bans have emerged that list the travail of human rights as a significant objection (Hoggart). Perspectives within this realm of thought argue that since smoking is legalized they should subsequently be granted the right to smoke in public places. In this context of thought one considers that although smoking in public has a detrimental medical affect, it is more of an infringement of individuals rights to restrict this action. Another prominent argument supporting smoking bans is that in allowing smoking in public places the air quality is significantly affected in negative ways. Counter-arguments to this claim emerge along a number of lines. Similar to the argument that smoking bans infringe on human rights, the argument that smoking in public places causes air pollution is objected to on the grounds that restricting this constitutes a significant human rights violation. In summation to these arguments, a number of... The paper shows the prominent argument against smoking in public is the significant impact it has on air quality. From a qualitative p erspective, one notes that the smoke that emerges from cigarettes can be pervasive to the peak of obstructing individuals views of surrounding scenery, or significantly hindering the public atmosphere and environment. In the depict we can find out many arguments supporting the ban of smoking in public places, there also exist a number of counter-arguments to this contention. Even as medical evidence has emerged that strongly demonstrates the detrimental health impacts of second-hand smoke, a number of civil rights activists have argued that this does not constitute a significant enough reason to restrict the rights of others. Indeed, a number of counter-arguments to smoking bans have emerged that list the restriction of human rights as a significant objection. In conclusion, this essay has considered arguments in favor and against outlaw smoking in public places. Supporting arguments have indicated that smoking in public holds significant negative medical impacts for both the sm oker and individuals suffering from the secondhand smoke. Smoking is also demonstrated to cause significant air pollution. Counter-arguments to these claims contend that banning smoking is both an infringement on individual rights and bad for businesses. Ultimately, its demonstrated that banning smoking is the most socially responsible action to take, as this prohibition holds the greatest benefit for the greatest essence of people.

A Look into A Forum of Ice and Fire Research Paper

A serve into A Forum of Ice and Fire - Research Paper ExampleGetting online forum members to set in regularly occurs through motivating them to do so, as well as offering them rewards (Howard, 2010). Fans of both A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones have several motivational factors that encourage them to contribute on the online Forum of Ice and Fire. Such motivations include seeking to build a reputation and gain attitude in the community, create subsumeions with another(prenominal) members who have similar interests, to make sense and gain understanding of the series, to flip information, and to entertain and receive entertainment. The main motivation for members of the forum to contribute, therefore, is their interest in the series and books and wanting to connect with fellow fans in order to feel validated and valued.Fans of a Forum of Ice and Fire stick to contribute to the forum because it allows them to build a reputation or gain status within the community. who leness of the biggest motivators in life is to gain social recognition, which brings instant approval and gratification (Kraut, Resnick, & Kiesler, 2011). Unlike the real manhood where people with expertise are more likely to be identified where information on a specific topic is required, the forum enables participants to display expertise in a mythical subject matter. By contributing to the forum, it is possible for a fan to establish himself/herself as an expert or authority on the subject of Westeroos politics, for example. For prospective authors or political commentators, on the other hand, such a forum allow for become a place for them to hone and highlight their skills. Since the tasks involved in the forum are orient for the participants, they are motivated to continue contributing as their views add value to the forum in their name. These fans butt joint create a positive reputation that they feel can be transferred to the real world if other fans appreciate them.

News in the United States Political System Essay

News in the United States policy-making System - Essay ExampleHowever, the qualities of reporting and journalism in the country certainly have dimensions along which they can improve, and some observers are even severely critical of the state of affairs with wish to the media. The nature of meat and safeguards against bias are especially controversial aspects of the matter.There are 3 major groups of stakeholders with respect to news and the media the people who report, their audiences, and the entities covered by these reports (Bennett, 2007, p. 6). Each of these categories is further affected by their circles of acquaintances and votaries, and the effects that media content have on their images and societal positions. However, the audience should have precedence in all matters related to the suppuration of media, because their vital interests should not be compromised in any circumstances.This document essays a review of how information is collated, analyzed, and presented by US media to its audiences, the impacts on each of the major categories of stakeholders, and how some of the important perceived limitations can be addressed. It is by and large based on a major text on the state of the US media, which is widely used, and which is modern as well (Bennett, 2007, p. 6).Two significant factors dominate key US media processes economics and applied science. It is expensive to fall in first hand information, and to disseminate it as well. Owners, advertisers, and theories of what audiences would like to see and hear, cast overbearing spells on the whole caboodle and decisions of reporters and most professional journalists. Economics rule news content (Hamilton, 2004, p. 7). The advantage of free enterprise becomes an entryway barrier as far as the collection and dissemination of news is concerned. Editors have to function as executives, with eyes on lines of financial statements, rather than on the strengths they should have, and the accountabilities which they should hold most sacred. Interference and interventions by lodge which provide financial sustenance to the media is not blatant in any overt way, but the baneful compulsions are not to be denied. The most influential of such pressures on professional journalistic processes, relates to the usage of advertising. The latter is directly related to sizes of audiences. Truth and relevance must be subservient to guessing as to what people would like to read and to hear. This leads to a high degree of subjectivity in the evaluation of the media and its utility, because the macrocosm which it serves is so diverse.Television has substantially displaced the print media as a source medium for news (Bennett, 2007, p. 23). Thus, technology is a determining factor in shaping views, and calls for an extension if not a shift of real reporting skills from newspapers to electronic media forms. This aspect of media process does not end with television as the Internet grows in influence at unprecedented rates. This trend is set to accelerate much further as cellular telephones offer to keep people in touch at virtually all times. However, this does not baseborn that mainstream media is condemned to obsolescence, and the resurgence of radio is a reassuring example of how quality news worry can keep the loyalties of audiences. The business sector of media is incredibly complex, and most lay people are not conscious of the logistics and management skills which are integral

INVESTIGATE A FAMILY VIOLENCE TOPIC AT A NATIONAL LEVEL Research Paper

INVESTIGATE A FAMILY VIOLENCE TOPIC AT A issue LEVEL - Research Paper Example(Severson, 2011) It was account in the Seattle Times on April 2, 2007 that Rebecca Griego was stalked and slay at the University of Washington by an abusive ex-boyfriend, who then killed himself. (Carr, et al, 2007) It was reported by The spic-and-span York Times on the 10th day of April 2011 that a woman was killed by her boyfriend who inflicted multiple stab wounds. Neighbors heard her cry but by the time the police located her it was too late. An article published in The New Citizens Press October 23, 2009 reports that in 2007 45 individuals were killed in Michigan in house servant violence related homicides in Michigan. The weapons of choice is stated to have been a spell and over 50% of the victims were killed by a firearm and 25% of the victims were killed by being stabbed. In 40% of the cases, the relationship had ended or was going to end. most(prenominal) of the cases had a prior history of d omestic violence, all except two of the domestic homicides were perpetrated by males. It was reported January 27, 2010 by the Houston Chronicle that the pastor of a church located in the area of Houston had been accused of domestic violence. The victim was the pastors estranged wife.

Discuss the relative merits of workplace parking charges and Essay

Discuss the relative merits of oeuvre parking charges and congestion charging as a basis for reducing car dependency in British cities - Essay Exampleimposed on Private Non-Residential (PNR) car parking at workplaces that in ancient have been free as a practical fiscal measure to discourage car establish transport for the staffs, to and from the workplace. Car based commuting has in the past propelled the level of road congestion. The charges are aimed at discouraging the staff to adopt other modes of transport like walking, cycling or adopting car community strategy which gives people access to vehicles on pay-as-you-go basis.Congestion charging involves levying every vehicle based on the case length in terms of travel time or travel distance and trip externalities tie in to a vehicle contribution to congestion and air pollution. Currently the continuous fees charged, based on mileage is best for all vehicles types ranging from the commercial motor bikes, commercial vans, and t railers to the private cars.Proposal is under way to intent a MOBB (Mobile Operated Black Box) that is based on solution which would identity the details of the vehicle and the driver. Implemented as a industrious handset using the UK mobile network and employing the Location Based Service mobile application to locate the coordinates, which help determine whether the vehicle is within the charging zone or just in the entire road network then transmit the data to the congestion charges operational center that is all local or national.It has seen decrease in the traffic congestion in the charging zones in the various cities of British. victorious London for example employed the London Congestion Charging Scheme (LCCS). From the table below gives the changes in the soma of different types of vehicles entering and leaving the charging zones.The large improvement of London bus network has seen people sack to the use of the bus, they have increased the number of the buses with combi nation of more frequency and good network, this has seen car user avoiding to pay the congestion charges switch to public transport. Taking for example of the data

Authorities Having Jurisdiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Authorities Having Jurisdiction - Research Paper ExampleAccreditation and license freighter be obtained after complying with the requirements set by Canadian Architectural Certification Board- Conseil Canadien de Certification en architecture (CACB-CCCA) and Canadian Architectural Licensing Authorities (CALA). Terms of Reference The purpose of this report is to profoundly inform the aim architects of the preparations and requirements for their chosen c atomic number 18er. The report focuses on the regime with jurisdiction to architectural practice in Canada. Introduction The initiation and creation of a home is one of the most important things an architect can do (www.raic.org, beseeming an Architect). A home is not just a place made of cement, bricks or wood. It becomes alive, a root system of energy and love, of hope and of comfort. It is the foundation where the family share and pursue its purpose. It is where families liquidate together, talk heart-to-heart, and rest. Hom e also offers solitude and guard duty. Hence, architects matter because theres no place like home. Besides home, architects build offices, schools, towers, churches and a commode more. According to the Royal Architectural shew of Canada (2010), architecture is the art, the science and the business of building. The versatile and talented heap with finesse for design, solid engineering skills, and knowledge of the social trends and understanding of codes or laws are called the architects (www.raic.org, Becoming an Architect). It is very(prenominal) important to have a better understanding of the work of the architects. Architects do not just get the title for themselves. They have to earn it. Architects have to abide to the rules and regulations. They are to follow the guidelines set by the government who have jurisdiction, impact and influence to their works. This research report aims to have a better understanding of these authorities and their requirements. Discussion Before a person becomes an architect in Canada, he or she needs to represent the requirements of the provincial or territorial architectural regulatory body. In Canada, a document by seven-spot validation or accreditation agencies called Canberra Accord exists to aid the portability of educational licenses between the signatory countries (www.canberraaccord.org, Canberra Secretariat). angiotensin-converting enzyme of the signatories to the Canberra Accord is the Canadian Architectural Certification Board- Conseil Canadien de Certification en Architecture (CACB-CCCA). There are two purposes of CACB-CCCA. The first is to administer the programme of accreditation of the Canadian School of Architecture in accordance with naturalised criteria and procedures and second is to certify educational qualifications of architectural graduates as individual applicants (www.canberraaccord.org, CACB-CCCA). The CACB certifies the educational qualifications of the graduates of architecture and this cer tification is the authorization first step towards licensure and registration after graduation (pmeenligne.ca, Certification). Prior to registration or licensure, an examination called ExAC is developed. ExAC or the Examination for Architects in Canada is adopted by all Canadian Architectural Licensing Authorities, except the Architectural Institute of British Columbia, to test the minimum standards of competency acquired by an Intern during the Internship period, to ensure both public safety and he professional and skilled delivery of architectural services

Characteristics of Business Leadership Term Paper - 1

Characteristics of job Leadership - Term Paper ExampleThe Byte shop purchased their first fully assembled computer. It is here that the Apple fellowship became founded. The name was based on Jobs favorite fruit and the logo selected to play on the name of the telephoner and the word byte (Lee, 2001).His highly innovative ideas of personal computers took him into changing the software system industry and computer hardware. His invention changed the muckle idea of a Pc from a huge mass of vacuum tubes accustomd by lusus naturae corporations to a small item used by the ordinary people. His development of the software for the Macintosh brought the use of windows inter impudence and use of mouse that set a bar for all interface in software application (Halliday, 2003).One significant challenge Apple faces is Jobs himself. Majority of people believe he is Apple, and he has attracted a devotion of followers better known as the Mac faithful and recently the iphone and iPod fanatics. H e is like a secular messiah to his followers and a cult leader to his competitors. The unmatched degrade of Apples products got found under his leadership and whose desire for sleek gadgets is unique in the product line world (Halliday, 2003).The markets also are hyper about Jobs. To the world whenever he became faced with sickness the Apple portion out prices decline. The shares of the society significantly dropped by as much as 10 percent after the contract of his medical leave. Rumors were also said that the company would be sued by its investors, who were unhappy with its about face on the health of its chief executive. Investors complained that the company was slow to tell about Steve Jobs true medical status, and to incorporate a succession plan after his treatment of cancer. This is because of his influential role in vetting the organizations future designs (Lee, 2001).The other challenge was the lack of product blockbusters that will excite Apple lovers. Analysts belie ve that the company has no announcement to

CHALLENGES IN HR BT CASE STUDY EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES & DIVERSITY AT Essay

CHALLENGES IN HR BT CASE STUDY EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES & DIVERSITY AT BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS (BT) - Essay ExampleThe necessities of much(prenominal) transplants extend beyond the company into the wider skills and economy base within telecom and IT sector. There are no enough people with the necessary skills available to the company when they are fateed in 2020. The 2020 workforce indite lead be composed of 70% of the people presently employed in the company. Therefore, the company result develop these people in the workplace and build their ability through further education and re-skilling. In order to mitigate these strategic challenges, the company has put in place learning and training systems, and they need to assure that they are robust and meet the best practice standards (Investors in People 2009, p2).The market purlieu where BT operates is highly competitive, and this is because of improvements in lifestyle, increasing globalization, and advances in technology. This ha s changed the manner in which people do business and communicate. These transformations consider considerable human resources challenges. In response to this, the company has developed a People Strategy that will give it the capability to adapt to the changing business environment. It will also give them the capability to constitute a high performance company that is crucial to its future success. The mission of the company is to assist change it into a company of motivated and inspirational leaders, adaptable, and high performing individuals who deliver excellent customer helping in a flexible and an inclusive working environment (BT 2013, p1).From the year 1996, BT has been proactive in capable Opportunities approach, and it has encompassed disability, ethnic origin, gender and other forms of equality. In 1999, the company joined the represent Opportunities Commission Equal manufacture Task Force. Later in the century, it became a member for the UK Equal Opportunities Commis sion Working Groups on the Equal Pay Audit Tool and Equal Pay guidelines. This move brought about the issue of equal opportunities in the BT

Describe at least 5 scenes of the movie Rossie the Riveter Review - 1

Describe at least 5 scenes of the Rossie the Riveter - Movie Review ExampleHowarfared Miller. The Rockwell epitome seems to have a great deal more depth than the image created by Miller. It was proposed that this is not the clear up image that most people have in their mind when they think of Rosie. This Rosie is quite dirty, with big knock-down(prenominal) arms, a leather bracelet, she wears overalls which are not common on women at this time, she carries a big rivet gun, se is wearing both welding goggles and a welding mask, she is defiantly standing on a copy of Mein Kampf and she is hauling a metal lunchbox (Popular with men). However what is interesting is that this image that is considered masculine sight also be considered quite feminine, because she is wearing makeup (Rouge, finger nail polish, lipstick etc.) and she is carrying her makeup and a handkerchief in her pocket, this Rosie has her hair neatly pulled back, she is wearing womens shoes, and she is eating a sandwi ch in a delicate manner. But what is most important from this image is that she is a worker, evidenced by her more badges (Security badge, blood donor badge etc.) Indicating that she really is an important part of the war effort.The next scene that leave alone be discussed is in relation to determining who the real Rosie the Riveters are. Many people have noted that on that point are indeed many actual World War II women that were real female defense lawyers workers named Rosie. The big changes that brought them into war work occurred in 1942 when more American men began to get drafted and many industries switched to war production. It was at this time that many companies started to recruit women as it was not possible for them to be drafted. What comes next is a description of the three main groups of women that were recruited to work in factories. The first were women already working who switched to higher gainful defense jobs (Leaving traditional jobs to the point that more than six hundred laundries were closed). The

Career Planning and Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

vocation Planning and Development - Research Paper ExampleAs such, the topics which will be analyzed tinge to performance evaluations, successful management, treatment of difficult situations, employee retention, and issues relating to recruiting and compensation.When one considers the importance of career readying, several prominent factors right away spring to mind. Whereas there are many things in life that require instantaneous and responsive decisions in hallow to maximize the utility of the separate, the path that one will pursue to provide for oneself and their loved ones is not something that should be a spur of the moment decision. Rather, it is something that should necessarily integrate with a decimal point of planning and love due to the fact that it is one of the most important decisions that one will ever integrate with. Ultimately, such a choice has far reaching impacts based not only on the ability of the individual to earn a living but also the ability of th e individual to experience a degree of success, satisfaction, and happiness with their chosen path. As a function of such differing aspects of personal well being and growth, this plan analysis will consider a few of the reasons why career planning is essential to increase success and satisfaction in life. In order to accomplish such an analysis and/or investigation, this seed will integrate with career planning based upon the following determinants the necessity of performing career planning in order to define and differentiate what actions must be accomplished in order to taper ones path towards the ultimate goal as well as the necessity of career planning in order to maximize satisfaction.Firstly, the reader can and should integrate with an understanding of the fact that it is necessary in order for the individual to make something of a road map of future actions that must be completed in order to realize the

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE - Essay ExampleAt this floor it becomes essential to address the question of weather monetary structure matter for long-run economic fruit? Several economists and policy-makers have tried to answer this question and have concentrated on the relative merits of intermediary- versus market-based financial systems. The debate is more than a century old and it commenced with reference to Germany and the United Kingdom in the juvenile nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Dolar and Meh, 2002). pecuniary Data and its ImportanceFinancial data correspond to the alert results of the companys strategy and structure. Even though analyzing financial statements can be quite complex, a general mind of a companys financial position can be determined through the use of ratio analysis. Financial performance ratios can be calculated from the balance sheet and income statement. These ratios can be classified into fin different subgroups profit ratios, liquidity ratios, act ivity ratios, leverage ratios, and shareholder-return ratios. These ratios should be compared with the industry average or the companys earlier years of performance.Profit RatiosProfit ratios are used to calculate the efficiency with which the company uses its resources. The more efficacious the company, the greater is its profitability. It is useful to compare a companys profitability against that of its major competitors in its industry. In addition, the change in a companys profit ratios over time tells whether its performance is improving or declining.

Initial Public Offering of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Assignment - 2

sign Public Offering of Amphastar pharmaceuticals - Assignment ExampleThis seek will begin with the statement that the business of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals is the development, production and the marketing of both generic and proprietary inhalable and injectable chemicals in the USA. Currently, the company is selling fifteen products, while at the same time in the go of developing thirteen more proprietaries as well as seven generic product portfolios, which will feature in the market in the near future. The company prides more in its high expert and technological capability that is the main business strength that enables the company overcome competition in its field, with the introduction of innovative technologies such as the production of a variety of pre-filled syringes, and metered-dose inhalation technology. The terms of the Initial Public Offering of the Amphastar Pharmaceuticals shares is through the use of prospectus, which acts as the registration statement for the s hares, and the copies of the prospectus were existence offered by the underwriters of the company shares, Jefferies LLC, from their offices. Thus, the press statements and advertisements of the IPO did not constitute an offer for sale, until the prospective buyer of the shares had obtained the copy of the prospectus and filled it. Therefore, the shares had been divided into various categories, comprising of 4,640,000 common stock shares that were directly offered by Amphastar Pharmaceuticals and common stock 3,360,000 shares that were being offered by the companys stockholders. Additionally, the underwriters of the company, Jefferies LLC, are reserved 1,200,000 additional shares which were available for over-allotment, offered as an option for the prospective buyers to buy more shares. The company is offered 5,800,000 shares at an initial price of $7 per share, which constituted $40,900,000, but the Pharmaceutical Company paid a radical of $6,200,000 in brokerage commissions and u nderwriting discounts, thus remaining with a total of $34,700,000. The percentage of the commission to the broker-dealers, as well as the underwriters discounts and other IPO issuing expenses, amounted to $6,200,000 of the total 40,900,000, which is nigh 15.2%.

State's Rights v. Federal Supremacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

States Rights v. Federal Supremacy - Essay congressmanThus, the South Carolina regularization of Nullification was written and passed by the legislature of South Carolina in November 24, 1832. The South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification was enacted in response to the Tariff of 1828 passed by Congress with force and effect in each(prenominal) evidences. The Southern states felt that the law has favored the northern states which atomic number 18 basically into manufacturing industries over the southern states which are based on agriculture. The State of South Carolina led by Calhoun took the stand and actually passed the nullification ordering which described the tariff laws as acts, purporting to be acts laying duties and imposts on foreign imports, but in humans intended for the protection of domestic manufactures and the giving of bounties to classes and individuals engaged in particular employments, at the expense and to the dishonor and oppression of other classes and in dividuals The South Carolina ordinance thus stated the tariffs laws as unconstitutional. It argued that the federal government has exceeded its right powers under the constitution and hath violated the true meaning and intent of the constitution, which provides for equality in imposing the burdens of revenue enhancement upon the several States and portions of the confederacy. Calhoun justified his theory of nullification using the arguments made by Jefferson when he wrote the Kentucky Resolution in 1798 which declared that, the several states who formed that instrument, being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction and that a nullification, by those sovereignties, of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument, is the rightful remedy. In do-gooder to the power of nullification, Calhoun also added that the state of South Carolina, or every other state for that matter, has the right to break up from the union if the federa l government denies its power of nullification and uses military power to force its federal laws upon the dissent state. In clear and very specific terms, Calhoun declared that the state of South Carolina and its people will non submit to the application of force on the part of the federal government, to reduce this State to obedience. He declared further that any attempt to coerce the state through military or economic meat is inconsistent with the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union. The South Carolina Ordinance may have borrowed more or less ideas from the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. All three documents reminded the federal government as to where its powers come from and that these power-givers will never just seat in the sideline when these powers are abused and misused. Likewise, all three legislations strongly promote the individual states power to nullify an act of the federal government that are non in administer with the spirit and purpose of the constitution. However, Calhouns ordinance differs from Madison and Jeffersons resolutions because the former did not just balk at declaring an act of Congress as null and void. It went on to declare that if the federal government does not recognize its nullification ordinance and uses force to coerce them into obedience, then the state has the concomitant power to come off from the Union and will forthwith proceed to organize a separate government, and do

Breaking Down Barriers to Excellence (operations management)2 Assignment

Breaking Down Barriers to Excellence (operations concern)2 - fitting ExampleFor the consultants to effectively implement change, the organization should create a supporting environment, resources, and training, articulate a minute direction together with clear expectations, and engage its management and reinforce new behaviors. This should also include conclusion synergy among groups, providing them with what they need, as well as coordinating efforts to achieve given goals. According to Proctor & Doukakis, (2003), it requires a savvy technology adoption scheme that ties training, sponsorship, workflow harmonization, communication, reinforcement, and user support with the business priorities. The best management organise in this context will be the use of departmental managers, where the C-level executive will be the Chief Information Officer.The consultancy should be a value center for the reason that, the only true profit in an institution is realized when the external custom er gives money to the organization to exchange for a faithful or service. If the consultancy truly needs to make profit, it will focus its efforts on making interactions as businesslike and effective as possible.The leadership structure in this organization is a horizontal one. This management structure can be related to quality management in a work place, where employees find themselves in work settings with colleagues of diverse generations with different but motivate values, work styles, and goals (Thiagarajan & Zairi, 1997). Multigenerational workplaces are a source of substantiating challenge, significant growth, and business opportunities if effectively managed and leveraged to meet the goals of an organization. Examples include factors such as respectful communication, sound life-style decisions, and functional literacy.Thiagarajan, T., & Zairi, M. (1997). A review of total quality management in practice understanding the bedrock through examples of best practice applica tions-Part I. The TQM Magazine, 9(4),

The Destruction of the Indies and the Middle Passage Essay Example for Free

The Destruction of the In break-dances and the Middle line of achievement EssayBartolom de las Casas was ace of the first proponents of Indian rights in the New World. A priest and historian of his solar day, obligated for preserving Christopher Columbuss journals, de las Casas also wrote works such as The Devastation of the Indies and Apologetic History of the Indies. Labeled a dissenter and traitor, de las Casas documented the war on the Indians by the Spaniards and argued the Indians cause, at great personal risk, brieflyer the Spanish court. The pas meter account gives a sympathetic exposition of the natives, bug outlines the Spanish lust for gold, and details a nearly dumbfounding torture of several Indians. SOURCE From The Devastation of the Indies by Bartolom de las Casas. English Translation Copyright 1974 by The intersection Publishing Company. Reprinted by permission of The Crossroad Publishing Company.And of each the absolute universe of humanity, these battalion ar the most guileless, the most devoid of wickedness and duplicity, the most obedient and faithful to their native masters and to the Spanish Christians whom they serve. They are by nature the most humble, patient, and peaceable, holding no grudges, free from embroilments, neither excitable nor quarrelsome(a). These people are the most devoid of rancors, hatreds, or desire for vengeance of any people in the world. And because they are so weak and complaisant, they are less able to endure heavy labor and soon die of no matter what malady. The sons of nobles among us, brought up in the enjoyments of lifes refinements, are no more(prenominal) delicate than are these Indians, sluice those among them who are of the lowest rank of laborers. They are also scant(p) people, for they non only possess littler and have no desire to possess worldly goods. For this reason they are non arrogant, embittered, or greedy. Their repasts are such that the food of the holy fathers i n the desert can scarcely be more parsimonious, scanty, and poor.As to their dress, they are generally naked, with only their pudenda covered somewhat. And when they cover their shoulders it is with a square cloth no more than two varas in size. They have no beds, provided sleep on a patient of of matting or else in a kind of suspended net called hamacas. They are very moderately in their persons, with alert, intelligent minds, docile and open to doctrine, very apt to receive our holyCatholic faith, to be endowed with virtuous customs, and to behave in a godly fashion. And once they begin to hear the discussion of the Faith, they are so insistent on k presentlying more and on taking the sacraments of the Church and on observing the divine cult that, truly, the missionaries who are hither need to be endowed by god with great patience in order to cope with such eagerness.Some of the secular Spaniards who have been here for many an(prenominal) years say that the goodness of the I ndians is undeniable and that if this gifted people could be brought to receipt the one true paragon they would be the most fortunate people in the world. The common ways in the first place employed by the Spaniards who call themselves Christian and who have gone thither to extirpate those pitiful nations and overfly them off the earth is by unjustly waging cruel and bloody wars. Then, when they have slain all those who fought for their lives or to escape the tortures they would have to endure, that is to say, when they have slain all the native rulers and young men (since the Spaniards usually stop only the women and children, who are subjected to the hardest and bitterest servitude ever suffered by man or beast), they en break ones back any survivors. With these infernal methods of totalitarianism they debase and weaken countlessnumbers of those pitiful Indian nations. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ult imate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with loadedes in a very draft period and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition, the greatest ever seen in the world, is the cause of their villainies. And also, those lands are so rich and felicitous, the native peoples so meek and patient, so easy to subject, that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts. And I say this from my own knowledge of the acts I witnessed. But I should not say than beasts for, thanks be to deity, they have interact beasts with some respect I should say alternatively like excrement on the public squares. I once axiom this, when there were four or five Indian nobles lashed on grids and burning I seem plain to recall that there were two or three pairs of grids where others were burning, and because they express such loud screams that they disturbed the Spanish captains sleep, he ord ered them to be strangled.And the constable,who was worse than an executioner, did not essential to obey that order (and I know the name of that constable and know his relatives in Seville), but instead put a stick over the victims tongues, so they could not make a sound, and he aroused up the fire, but not excessively practically, so that they roasted slowly, as he liked. I saying all these things I have described, and countless others. And because all the people who could do so fled to the mountains to escape these inhuman, ruthless, and angry acts, the Spanish captains, enemies of the human race, pursued them with the fierce dogs they kept which attacked the Indians, tearing them to pieces and devouring them. And because on a couple of(prenominal) and faraway between occasions, the Indians justifiably killed some Christians, the Spaniards made a rule among themselves that for every Christian slain by the Indians, they would slay a hundred Indians.Among the noteworthy outra ges they committed was the one they perpetrated against a cacique, a very distinguished noble, by name Hatuey, who had come to Cuba from Hispaniola with many of his people, to flee the calamities and inhuman acts of the Christians. When he was told by certain Indians that the Christians were now coming to Cuba, he assembled as many of his followers as he could and utter this to them Now you must know that they are saying the Christians are coming here, and you know by experience how they put So and So and So and So, and other nobles to an end. And now they are coming from Haiti (which is Hispaniola) to do the same here. Do you know why they do this? The Indians replied We do not know. But it may be that they are by nature wicked and cruel.And he told them No, they do not act only because of that, but because they have a God they greatly worship and they want us to worship that God, and that is why they struggle with us and subject us and kill us. He had a basket full of gold and jewels and he said You see their God here, the God of the Christians. If you agree to it, let us dance for this God, who knows, it may pl placidity the God of the Christians and then they pull up s compresss do us no harm. And his followers said, all together, Yes, that is good, that is good And they danced round the basket of gold until they unforgiving stilt exhausted. Then their chief, the cacique Hatuey, said to them See here, if we keep this basket of gold they will take it from us and will end up by killing us. So let us expend away the basket into the river.They all agreed to do this, and they flung the basket of gold into the river that was nearby. This cacique, Hatuey, was constantly fleeing before the Christians from the time they arrived on the island of Cuba, since he knew them and of what they were capable. Now and then they encountered him and he defended himself, but they finally killed him. And they did this for the sole reason that he had fled from those cruel and wicked Christians and had defended himself against them. And when they had captured him and as many of his followers as they could, they burned them all at the stake. When secure to the stake, the cacique Hatuey was told by a Franciscan friar who was present, an artless rascal, something about the God of the Christians and of the articles of the Faith.And he was told what he could do in the brief time that remained to him, in order to be saved and go to Heaven. The cacique, who had neer heard any of this before, and was told he would go to Inferno where if he did not adopt the Christian Faith, he would suffer eternal torment, asked the Franciscan friar if Christians all went to Heaven. When told that they did he said he would prefer to go to Hell. Such is the fame and honor that God and our Faith have earned through the Christians who have gone out to the Indies.The Middle Passage, from Olaudah Equianos arouse NarrativeThis account of the middle passage comes from one of the first writings by an ex-slave and the originator of the slave narrative. Equiano was born in Nigeria and was kidnapped into slavery at the age of eleven. After a time in the West Indies, he was sold to a Virginia planter before becoming the slave of a merchant. Years later he was able to buy his freedom and at the age of 44, he wrote The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African. Written by Himself. Equiano became an abolitionist and made the expedition to settle the dependance of ex-slaves at Sierra Leone.. . . The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship, which was then riding at anchor, and waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled and tossed upto see if I were sound by some of the crew and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they were goin g to kill me. Their complexions too differing so more from ours, their long hair, and the language they spoke, (which was very different from any I had ever heard) united to confirm me in this belief. Indeed such were the repugnances of my views and fears at the moment, that, if ten thousand worlds had been my own, I would have freely parted with them all to have ex agitated my condition with that of the meanest slave in my own sphere.When I looked round the ship too and saw a large furnace of copper boiling, and a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted of my fate and, quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck of cards and fainted. When I recovered a little I found some black people about me, who I believe were some of those who brought me on board, and had been receiving their brook they talked to me in order to cheer me, but all in vain. I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks,red faces, and loose hair.They told me I was not and one of the crew brought me a small portion of spirituous liquor in a wine glass but, being horror-stricken of him, I would not take it out of his hand. One of the blacks therefore took it from him and gave it to me, and I took a little down my palate, which, instead of reviving me, as they thought it would, threw me into the greatest consternation at the strange feeling it produced, having never tasted any such liquor before. Soon after this the blacks who brought me on board went off, and left me abandoned to despair. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly and I even wished for my causation slavery in preference to my present smudge, which was filled with horrors of every kind, still heightened by my ignorance of what I was to undergo.I was not long suffered to indulge my grief I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never go through in my life so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to tasteanything. I now wished for the last friend, death, to beg off me but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables and, on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before and although, not being used to the water, I naturally feared that element the first time I saw it, yet nevertheless, could I have got over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side, but I could not and, besides, the crew used to watch us very closely who were not chained down to the decks, lest we shou ld startle into the water and I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating.This indeed was frequently the case with myself. In a little time after, amongst the poor chained men, I found some of my own nation, which in a small degree gave ease to my mind. I inquired of these what was to be done with us they gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white peoples country to work for them. I then was a little revived, and thought, if it were no worse than working, my situation was not so desperate but still I feared I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner for I had never seen among any people such instances of brutal cruellty and this not only shewn towards us blacks, but also to some of the whites themselves. One white man in particular I saw when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rophy near the fore mast, that he died in consequence of it and they tossed him over the side as they would have done a brute.This made me fear these people the more and I expected nothing less than to be treated in the same manner. I could not help expressing my fears and apprehensions to some of my countrymen I asked them if these people had no country, but lived in this hollow place (the ship) they told me they did not, but came from a distant one. Then, said I, how comes it in all our country we never heard of them? They told me because they lived so very far off. I then asked where were their women? had they any like themselves? and why, said I, do we not see them? they answered, because they were left behind. . . .The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air but now that the wholeships cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pest ilential. The closeness of the place, and the horniness of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almostsuffocated us. This produced adequate perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a unsoundness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers.This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with served only to render my state more painful, and heighten my apprehensions, and my suasion of the cruelty of the whites.One day they had taken a number of fishes and when they had killed and satisfied themselves with as many as they thought fit, to our astonishment who were on the deck, rather than give any of them to us to eat as we expected, they tossed the rest fish into the sea again, although we begged and prayed for some as well as we could, but in vain and some of my countrymen, being pressed by hunger, took an opportunity, when they thought no one saw them, of trying to get a little privately b ut they were discovered, and the attempt procured them some very severe floggings. . . . . . . I and some few more slaves, that were not saleable amongst the rest, from very much fretting, were shipped off in a sloop for North America. . . . firearm I was in this plantation in Virginia the gentleman, to whom I suppose the estate belonged, being unwell, I was one day sent for to hisdwelling house to fan him when I came into the room where he was I was very much affrighted at some things I saw, and the more so as I had seen a black fair sex slave as I came through the house, who was cooking the dinner, and the poor creature was cruelly loaded with motley kinds of straighten out machines she had one particularly on her head, which locked her mouth so fast that she could scarcely speak and could not eat nor drink. I was much astonished and shocked at this contrivance, which I afterwards learned was called the iron muzzle . . .

Engineering Design Process Essay Example for Free

placeing Design Process EssayAn Industrial Engineer is designing a procurement process for Spinneys Supermarket and after studying the withdraw for cereals, he concludes that the train for cereals follows a normal distribution and falls between 200 to 230 boxes per work calendar week. Therefore, the demand of the cereal is a haphazard variable beca utilize the demand can fluctuate between 200 and 230 boxes however the demand will not decrease or increase tremendously unless some unusual event occurs. Using this estimate, the industrial engineer can decide how much cereal to procure in a certain week so that demand can be fulfilled without storing extra inventory. During his study, he also finds out that the mean demand for cereal is 217 boxes per week and the standard deviation (which is the difference of the actual demand from the projected demand) is 15 boxes per week then he can find out the percentage of actual demand that is above 230 boxes per week since this will he lp him to decide whether to store extra inventory or not because if the probability of demand to exceed 230 is low then he efficiency decide not to fulfill those orders since their chance of incident is low and holding cost is high.To determine the percentage of times the demand exceeds 230 boxes per week, the engineer will use the formula P (X 230) = P X (230 217) / 15 P (Z 0. 8667) = 1- 0. 8078 = 19. 22% Using this figure, the procurement department has to decide whether they should constrain extra inventory or should they not be worrying about the 19. 22% of times when they might be having lost sales.

Unanswered Prayers Essay Example for Free

unrequited Prayers EssaySome bulk claim that when they pray, they can smelling graven images presence, and that he is listening. These people are usually Christians. However, other people say that when they pray in church and at home, they cannot feel Gods presence. This can sometimes exact them feel like they are doing something wrong, such as they are not praying correctly, or just that God simply does not exist, so there is no God to listen to the prayers.This may lead them to ask for advice from people who are strong and faithful Christians, and raise harder when they are praying. However, if they still dont feel the presence of God when praying, they may sustain to mind the actual existence of God. This can sometimes lead to agnosticism or atheism. Another reason that may lead people to intend that there is no God are unanswered prayers. Christians believe that God answers their prayers, and loves and cares for everyone.In church, they may be given interpreters of answered prayers. For example many Catholic Christians believe that St Jude is the patron revere for those who have no other hope of help. However, when some people pray, their prayers are not answered and they may begin the wonder about a God who answers some peoples prayers, but not others. For example a young missionary couple asked the members of their church to pray that they would have a safe jaunt to their new posting in Nepal.However, the plane crashed killing them and their three young children. Examples like this may make people ask why God answers only some peoples prayers, and not everyones prayers. They may surveil to the conclusion that God is in fact bad, and does not care for everyone on Earth. It might make them believe that God just cant answer everyones prayers, as some prayers are selfish, and respond them would come with great consequences. However, it might trigger them to come to the conclusion that God just simply does not exist.They might believe that, if someone prays for their child to be cured of cancer, then surely it would be a good enough cause for their prayer to be answered. If the child still dies, the childs parents might believe that God does not exist, because the God they were told of would not let a small child die. This leads to atheism, as they will eventually come to the conclusion, that if prayers are unanswered regularly, then there must be no God.

A Brief Summary of 5 Disorders Essay Example for Free

A Brief Summary of 5 disobliges EssayBipolar I Disorder is defined by the DSM-5 as manic or mixed episodes that last at least cardinal days, or by manic symptoms that atomic number 18 so severe that the person needs immediate hospital c ar. During this manic episode, people typically experience an expansive mood, excessive optimism, grandiosity, and poor judgment. Usually, the person also has depressive episodes, typically lasting at least two weeks. During the depressive episode, people may become hostile and physically fleshy to other and also, when delusional, may be physically assaultive or suicidal. The symptoms of mania or depression must(prenominal) be a major change from the persons normal behavior. Hypomanic episodes also exist in which a person experiences at least 4 consecutive days of increased energy and mouldivity and elevated mood. complaisant Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 300.23 (F40.10)The diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) includes an anxiety associated with social situations in which a person feels pressure or scrutiny by others. Such social situations almost always irritate fear in the mortal typically lasting for 6 months of more. There is a specific fall apart of this discommode in which the individual only fears public performance such as singing, communicating a speech, an athletic event, and often affects work and school activities. Typically those individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder have a fear or anxiety that is judged to be out of proportion to the actual risk of being negatively evaluated or to the consequences of such negative evaluation.Nightmare Disorder307.47 (F51.5)Nightmare Disorder is a repeated occurrence of distressed and well-remembered dreams that involve threats to survival and personal security. Typically, the dream occurs in the second half of the major sleep episode. opposite criteria involves the individual experiencing distress affecting social interactions at work or ot her important areas of function.These nightmares are not caused by the substance consumption of alcohol, drugs, or medication. The DSM-5 defines a nightmare as a commodious and detailed, story-like sequence of dream imagery that appears real and causes anxiety, stress, or fear. In some(prenominal) instances, nightmares may be comorbid with several medical conditions, including coronary heart disease, cancer, Parkinsonism, and pain, and can accompany medical treatments.Paranoid constitution Disorder301.0 (F60.0)Paranoid Personality Disorder falls under the broad category of personality swages. The criterion for paranoid personality disorder includes a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. Typically the individual suspects without evidence that other people are out to harm or exploit him or her, determines that friends and associates are not to be trusted, is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear s, reads into hidden meanings about people or events, has unforgiving attitude and grudges towards people, counterattacks angrily when feeling that character or reputation is being attacked, and has recurrent suspicions without defense regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner. The pattern of this disorder is obviously one of distrust and suspiciousness. mainly these individuals are difficult to get along with and often do not participate in shoemakers last relationships with others.Pedophilic Disorder302.2 (F65.4)Pedophilic Disorder is defined when an individual has recurrent, intense sexual arousing fantasies, urges, or behavior with a child 13 years or younger over a period of 6 months. Either the individual has acted on the urges or these urges have caused serious distress and interpersonal difficulty. The individual must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child or children. If individuals complain that their sexual attractions or preferences fo r children are causing psychosocial difficulties, they may be diagnosed with pedophilic disorder. The presence of multiple victims is adequate but not necessary for diagnosis of pedophilia. Pedophilia per se appears to be a lifelong condition. Pedophilic disorder contains elements that may change over time with or without treatment subjective distress, psychosocial impairment, or the decision toact upon desires.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA American Psychiatric Publishing.

Formal complain letter Essay Example for Free

Formal complain letter EssayDear Director,We are residing at Old stockage room 5304. One of our housemate (5304-1) is very inconsiderate. She switches on the TV very loud (TV just beside my room) and the people is deafening. Even one of my roommates room (5304-5), which is situated near the main door can hear the hoo-ha. She similarly always crooks on her loud speakers enjoying the music without closing her door. Besides, in the middle of the night, this girl will go into the guy room (5304-2) situated in between my room (5304-4) and room (5304-2). There will be noise and loud laughter in the middle of the night. My (5304-2) roommate and I had told them and requested them to lower their noise level but they just continue and ignored us. These have affected our sleep and also our mood. Sometimes, the nigh day, she purposely switched on the music in her room even louder without even closing the door. Furthermore, she also caused hazard to other roommates by leaving the place and turning on the microwave for more than 45mins. One of the roommates had to turn off the microwave because there was a strong plastic burning smell.We already had a news with a resident advisor early in the semester regarding the mess and the noise level (first complaint by one of my roommate). The situation got better but subsequently, the noise level came back. For your information, we had tolerated them throughout last and this semester and had given her troop of chances. Should this matter not be solved, it is really unfair and injustice for us who also pay need to endure her unreasonable acts of behavior. It has come to a point that we want her to leave and do not adjure to give her any more chances. We had too many assignments, reports and our exams are around the corner. We wouldnt want to spend our odd time transaction with her during our exams (affect our studies).We would appreciate if you can take the necessary actions against this person (5304-1) because we give up dealing with her.

Formal letter for request sponsorhip Essay Example for Free

Formal earn for request sponsorhip EssayGood day My name is Ang Teck Kui and I am a business student from ALC college, Klang is organizing a charity fundraising event for our final year project. I represent my team Raiser of Hope Carnival 2014 which is consists of 13 passionate business students from ALC College to write this letter to your esteemed organization to request for a sponsorship. We are given an opportunity by ALC College, Klang to organize this finicky event to help create awareness on social responsibility by companies and the public to the society. In addition, we as business students will be able to gain experience as business soul through this project. The event that we have chosen is carnival and the details are as follows Event pillow slip Charity Fund Raising CarnivalEvent Venue SMK Tengku Ampuan JemaahNo. 1, Jalan Pandamaran,42000, Pelabuhan Klang,Selangor, MalaysiaEvent Date thirtieth November 2014 (Sunday)You can refer to our Sponsorship Benefits on o ur proposal to find out about the sponsorship benefits packages according to the amount sponsored. We take on sponsorship in both monetary value and as well as products by your company. We hope to apprehend a favourable reply form your good organization regarding the sponsorship. For further inquiries, please do non hesitate to contact me Ang Teck Kui at 016-9967729 or email me at emailprotected . Your organization kind support and assist to our cause is greatly appreciated by our team.

Describe with examples how different aspects of development can affect one another Essay Example for Free

Describe with examples how different aspects of development can affect one another set about suit 1A family of four attends a large family gathering. Their new addition to their family is 6 calendar month old Emily. This Emilys startle time out with people other than her family. While she is with her family, Emily is happy, smiling and do cooing and babbling noises. She is aware and alert with the new environment that surrounds her, she is she moves her arms and legs vigorously to show her excitement. As this is her first social outing, she gets upset when someone she is not familiar with talks to her or plays with her. She starts to cry as this her federal agency of showing that she is not familiar with this person and may be a little scared. Emilys emotions affects her communication.Example 2 buns is seventeen from a low wage, single parent family. He has a part-time job while studying to help out his mother financially. Unfortunately the Manager undermines, bullies him and takes credit for his work. John who is not used to dealing with difficult people in a working environment, may decease withdrawn and quiet. He may keep his feelings towards his Manager to himself as he is afraid that he exponent lose his job that he desperately needs. Emotionally he feels depressed and unworthy. He is seen as the part of the house and feels he cannot communicate his problems to his mother as he doesnt want her to have the added drive of dealing with his problem.His studying may also suffer as he worries about his mothers financial situation and also his situation at work. Socially he has withdrawn from his friends as they may realise something is wrong is embarrassed to talk to them about it. Intellectually, his studies would have suffered as a result of his charabanc bullying and undermining him as he cannot concentrate.

Explain the Differences Between Panglosss Philosophy Essay Example for Free

explicate the Differences Between Panglosss Philosophy EssayPanglosss philosophy of life is that all is for the stovepipe in the ruff of all possible solid grounds. This upbeat philosophy actually is the key element of Voltaires satire. Panglosss philosophy is against the ideas of the Enlightenment period. Pangloss believes that a powerful God had created the world and that, therefore, the world must be perfect. When creatures of the world, see manything as wrong or evil, it is because they do not understand the ultimate good that will come forth of it. Voltaire satirically shows the reader that Pangloss is not a believable character. Voltaire illustrates this by showing us that he keeps his optimistic thought even when he is imprisoned. Pangloss ignores any evidence that contradicts his initial opinion. He alike uses illogical arguments to retain his beliefs. Panglosss philosophy tries to impose a passive attitude toward all that is wrong in the world. If the world i s the best one possible, then there is no reason to make any effort to counterchange things.Martin is much believable than Pangloss, not because he is more sophisticated, alone because he is smarter and more likely to glean conclusions with which we can identify. Martin had been robbed by his wife and beaten by his son and deserted by his daughter and also lived financial setbacks, and therefore hes a pessimist whereas Pangloss is an optimist. He uses his experiences to judge the world whereas Pangloss was merely utilize a theory. As a result, Martin is more insightful than Pangloss to foresee events that will happen.Even though Martins philosophy is more believable than Panglosss, hes still not good at predicting how some people will behave because his philosophy is coming from extreme pessimism. Therefore it might not be wrong to say that Voltaire is trying to prove that we need flexible thought in our lives based on real evidence. Both philosophers will ultimately fail beca use theres no room for exceptions in their beliefs. Candide starts his journey with the influence of Panglosss belief of best of all possible worlds.Pangloss and Candide, suffer and witness a wide variety of horrors and tragedies together. During these tragedies, Panglosss s philosophy proves to be useless and even destructive at the end, because it prevents them from making realistic judgments. For example while Jacques was drowning, Pangloss doesnt let Candide save him by saying that the true laurel of Lisbon had been formed for this Anabaptist to drown in. Also when Candide was buried under the rubble of the Lisbon earthquake, he asked for oil colour and wine because he was dying, but Pangloss ignored him and still tried to reason with the causes of the earthquake.At the end Candide rejects his philosophy of optimism and as he and his servant Cacambo travel and go through more horrors, Candide starts believing a pessimistic view of life. When Candide meets Martin, they set sail together and Martin is just the opposite of Pangloss. He does not believe that everything is for the best in this world. Even though Candide tries to oppose Martin by talking about free will but it does not solve the problem of presence of evil in the world.In general, Martins arguments seem more reasonable than Panglosss ideas. But, like Pangloss, Martin believes so firmly in his own view of the world that he is not flexible and usually dismisses real evidence that contradicts his philosophy. When Candide cannot find Cunegonde, Martin shows the bad influence of his pessimism. Instead of attempting to comfortableness his friend, Martin uses Candides distress to further confirm his own world-view. Just like Panglosss optimism, Martins pessimism also keeps him from taking initiative to improve the world.

The President of Psychology’s 2008 Learned Society Essay Example for Free

The President of psychologys 2008 Learned Society Es gradeA day before the forward-looking academic year, I just cant stop thinking ab out(p) world back in tame having new activities for the society and proudly continuing the works that the founders and alumni of the society had lead offed and pursued according to its vision and flush. I was in my stuck in my room, daydreaming, looking forward to the incoming school year and hopefully this cartridge holder pleasing for the post I have forever wanted to be at ever since I linked the society. The start of the academic year in the university seemed to be a very pleasing scene since the preference for new officers had already taken place.At that very moment, the room felt very warm and accommodating, I was rather shocked than pl quietusd with myself. I have won. I have actually won. Now I already have what I have always wanted. The fact that the new president is whatever wholeness I knew very well made me jump out of m y seat, making me stand because the members of society had started grabbing my hand and rumble congratulations to me. And I certain(a)ly told myself that this year allow for turn out to be very provoke and much-looked forward to not merely by members besides by alumni of the society themselves.In the process of my macrocosm the new leader of the society, I think a few of what has been discovered and proven ahead of time will be included and remained. Discoveries and concourse that might prove to be useful not only to me but to the whole society with a reminder of what is the true essence of the learned aggroup will be used rather continuously. On top of the list is Confucius, a government leader who lived from 551 479 BC. An authoritative thing that I have picked up from his reign is that a family is a critical social social unit.The family is considered to be the most important unit of the society since here is where a child is nurtured and taught of how to act and fetc h when granted the chance to meet other people. I certainly believe that the way a given family raises its children is a must. Being young, aged around five to ten is the most critical period of the individual. This is when the children start to realize lifes differences in the perspective of the people around them, the time when they will lie with what is right from wrong and would have that registered in their minds.So, as to relate this to our learned society, there is a pauperisation for every member to show concern to each other in order to understand and correctly interpret actions portrayed. Each member has a role or a function in the group that all will be praised for something that they have done very good at and will be criticized if the plans do not work out well. But as a family, there is always a room for suggestion and forgiveness, and also help is always extendable. The next one is during the Ancient Greece Eclectic orientation which tells that casuists believe a someones knowledge is based on experience.To support the belief that the Sophist possessed is Harry Stack-Sullivan who mentioned that the individual is defined as the sum of interaction experiences. In connection with this, during the cholecalciferol 200 BC, stoicism mentioned that individuals atomic number 18 reactive, which in my opinion is related to what Sophists had to dictate about people thoughts be based on their experiences. People tend to respond to what the environment had set for them, which made them reactive. Simple account statement is that some of the recent discoveries today will not be present if it wasnt for the people being curious on what happening around them.Most of the studies done, for example, Mayberry and colleagues having a research abut the coping mechanisms and effects of having a parent with mental illness on children, are mostly based on observations that they actually have. As Maurice Merleau-Ponty pointed out, we cannot attend something u nless we experience it. Faith and science will never be at ease with each other for some reason. Honestly, there will always be discoveries that might prove that some of the churchs teachings are quite not right and reasonable, or some may say that science is contradicting the teachings of the church.Looking at an issue that seems to be old and vanishing already, the issue of condoms, has been given a considerable deal of the church. Religious, let us say, some of the religious people are not favorable of this because they say that it is contradicting what was written in the bible, Go and multiply as God told his people. Well, there is nothing really to wall about this because in the end, people tend to choose which to believe and follow. Choice is always a agentive role in this world. People always lean on the fact that they have to choose something where the benefit is always greater than the cost.Discoveries in different fields of science have been bursting out juts like ever ywhere. A certain person discovered a cure for a certain disease that was considered deadly before. A new place wherein artifacts have been discovered connecting it to the people who was born three hundred million years ago. And so on. On the question of what is left for the learned group to discover, well it is not really simply to resolve but on top of priority list are more vivid researches on catharsis, the one that makes people speak of everything that they have inside their minds.Researches on the catharsis are assumed to be a great help especially to crime investigations. These can somehow make questioning on people who had just committed something against the law easier that officials or crime investigators will not have to use squeeze on them. Those who were accused of a crime will just consciously tell every whiz information of the authorized situation. To be more specific, the question of how to let people tell everything is quite disturbing. result there be a use of medicines, machines or just talking to that person, trying to lure out information through nice inviting way of talking?It seems like finding something that will let that person talk without hurting him. In connection to this, I would also want to find something that can actually totally stop a person from releasing different or multiple personalities without his knowledge that he can actually be somebody totally different from who he truly is and start destroy other peoples lives and alert somebody if a certain person is just imagining things and express that he has multiple personalities when he is just actually faking it to get away from something or someone.Honestly, I am not really after discovering complicated things for complicated situations. I just wanted to make everything childlike when everything seems to be complicated. A society is just like a fraternity, a brotherhood or say is just like a sorority, a sisterhood that has its own vision and mission. Activities and discoveries are important but the most important of all are its members. How can a group achieve its objectives when there are no people working hard for those? An organization, a society, a fraternity or a sorority inevitably members to operate and achieve goals.That is why members, people, getting along with each other, unite and organize themselves for certain mission and vision are the most important ingredients in a society. Being a president is a major responsibility. Being a president is not how you dictate people what they should do at a certain moment, it is being open to listen to ideas that members could possibly have in order to improve the current status of the society. A president is someone who can guide each and every person in the society to do things that are of their strengths and most of all, someone who can bring out the best in every person.

Ceremony Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ceremony Analysis actIn a song called Helplessness Blues by Fleet Foxes, the lyrics present a crisis in self-identity. I was raised up believing I was somewhathow unique deal a junco distinct among snowflakes unique in each way you muckle see. But now after some thinking, Id say Id or else be, a functioning cog in some great machinery serving something beyond me. The lyricist contends between his swear of individuality and his desire to be a dispel of a larger organization. As the song continues, he relates his story of learning to be at peace that the purpose of his life is to be a part of his community. Tayo experiences a similar struggle due to his mixed blood. He is torn between the duster culture that tells him to lonesome(prenominal) be touch with personalised gain and the traditional laguna Pueblo belief that all living organisms be a part of one life force. In the same adult malener that Robin Pecknold of Fleet Foxes discovered his purpose, Leslie Marmo n Silko uses a shape of literary features to support her negative treatment of white selfishness to show Tayos discovery of his purpose. Silko encourages the reader to post the world in a more connected finger.Leslie Marmon Silko repeatedly uses white characters as symbols to represent the approximation of self-interest. Tayo is searching for Josiahs kine, which is symbolic for Tayo assay to find a balance between his white and Laguna Pueblo halves. After falling off of his horse, Tayo meets a group of Texans that portray the white stereotype of putting their hold personal gain before that of others. After discovering tracks of a potty lion, the men leave Tayo with one earthly concern saying, greasers and Indians we finish run them down anytime.But its been a couple of years since anybody up hither got a mountain lion. pg99 Rather than looking at his town with a sense of togetherness or unity, the white man feels like he has to be the one in his town to catch a mountain l ion. He views the mountain lion as lesser than himself and would be willing to kill it to gain recognition. His sense of pride is important to him and he is willing to endanger Tayos life to secure his own tender success. One aspect of this country that some people love is the American Dream. The prospect of an individual who is open to have the opportunity to acquire whatever he/she wants based solely on their own desire to work inspires any people.The United States of America has always been founded upon the ideal that any one person can acquire as much as they are willing to work to earn. Laguna Pueblo culture however, teaches that men, women, and animals are all one life force that depends on itself for survival. Thus, rendering the concept of working for your own personal benefit useless. When Tayo and Rocky are signing up to fight in World War II, the recruiter basic tells them Now I know you boys love America as much as we do, but this is your speculative chance to show it pg. 64 At first, this seems like the recruiter is highlighting the fact that serving a high purpose, in this case America, could have a positive outcome for these boys.However, Silkos use of diction and extract of the words your big choice shows the selfish undertones. Even when trying to recruit men to fight for one common cause, the man must tell them that they can work themselves into a place of higher status. Silko uses a much more positive tone when Laguna Pueblo belief regarding the connected state of nature.Referring to old man Kuoosh, Silko writes, The old man only made him certain of something he had feared all along, something in the old stories. It took only one person to tear away the delicate strands of the web, spilling the rays of the sun into the sand, and the fragile world would be injured. Pg. 38 Leslie Marmon Silko uses a much more poetic tone when dealing with instances of Laguna Pueblo culture. She uses characters that have been established as wise to tell stories that relate to what Tayo faces in his life.Kuoosh tells Tayo about the importance of a community by exemplar him about the dangers of one person going astray. Silko teaches these lessons done wise Laguna Pueblo characters. One of Tayos problems is his sense of smell of empathy. Tayo has a tendency to experience the pain of other people. When Tayo is fighting in World War II, Tayo could non pull the trigger. The fever made him shiver, and the sweat was stinging his eyes and he couldnt see distinctly in that instant he saw Josiah standing(a) there the face was dark from the sun, and the eyes were squint as though he were about to smile at Tayo.So Tayo stood there, bit they fired at the soldiers, and he watched his uncle fall, and he knew it was Josiah. Pg. 8 Tayo naturally forms seizes with people. He is able to relate to others and he wants to share that with someone. He was so overcome by emotion seeing his uncle universe fired at that he could not do his duty. A t the beginning of the novel, Tayo has nobody to receive all of the love that he has to give. Tayo craves a bond with somebody. This is why the characters Tseh and Night Swan and their relationships with Tayo are so important. They are symbolic of his connection between people.Silko very much teaches lessons in parallel. At the same time that Tayo is learning to come to grips with his role in Laguna Pueblo society, Silko uses the oxen to parallel his life. The cattle are a mixed breed just like Tayo just like Silko. The cattle are a repeated symbol to Tayos life as he tries to save them and return them home. Cattle are like any living thing. If you separate them from the land for too long, salve them in barns and corrals, they lose something. Their stomachs get to where they can only eat rolled oats and dry alfalfa. When you turn them scant(p) again, they go running all over.They are scared because the land is unfamiliar, and they are lost. Pg. 74 The description of these cattl e mirror Tayos life in a multitude of ways. Just like the cattle being separated from the land for too long, Tayo is separated from his Laguna Pueblo culture for much too long while serving in World War II. When he returns home, he has problems with his stomach also. He constantly vomits whenever he thinks about the war as well as drinking to cover the pain, which is symbolic of his purging of white culture. Over the course of Ceremony, Tayo learns a great lesson regarding Laguna Pueblo culture.He grows away from his original white tendencies and learns to conform to Laguna Pueblo culture. At the beginning of the novel, Tayo is concerned with himself. After returning home from the war Tayo is haunted by all of the people that he has interacted with and wants to be freed from those memories. On page 7 it says, So Tayo had to sweat through those nights when thoughts became entangled he had to sweat to think of something that wasnt unraveled or tied in knots to the past- something tha t existed by itself, standing alone like a deer.And if he could hold that image of a deer in his drumhead long enough, his stomach might shiver less and let him sleep for a while. Tayo begins the novel trying to separate himself from the memories and people of his past. He thinks that the way to escape the memories that haunt him is to attempt to untangle his life from those who were there at that time of his life. As the novel progresses, Tayo learns how to use other people to help him solve his problems rather than viewing them as a setback.Similarly to Tayo, author Leslie Marmon Silko is part white, part Mexican, and part Laguna Pueblo. Tayos struggle to find a balance between the two halves of his culture is something that many people can relate to. Silko uses literary devices such as tone and symbolism to show the duality within Tayo that many people feel. Being of mixed blood myself, I understand the difficult balance of trying to advert with others. Tayo learns, however, t hat a sense of community can be a part of his healing ceremony.

Importance of Exercise With Cystic Fibrosis

splendour of Exercise With cystic FibrosisCritically analyse how the physiological benefits of elaborate contri exclusivelye to an improvement in move with the physiological demands of everyday life in this client group and how it compargons with traditional Physiotherapy Techniques (Postural drain and Percussion)Cystic fibrosis is an inherited infirmity very common among Caucasians, besides r be in Asians and Negroes. It is an autosomal recessive condition, with an estimated champion in twenty of a Caucasian population heterozygous for the condition. The number of live births of children having cystic fibrosis is noble between 1 in five hundred and 1in 3000 (P. Howard, 1991 p.137), or 1 in 2000 (P. McGowan, 20003 p.142, G.K. Crompton, 1987 p.289). In the UK a elaborate of 1 in 4000 is demoten (W.J.M/ Kinnear et al, 1999 p.52). Kinnear et al (p. 52) also suggest a reason for the extremely mellowed number (1 in 20) of heterozygotes in the population, that perhaps this hi gh number is the result of round selection advantage, in this case possibly providing some protection from severe secretory diarrhoea ca implementd by for example cholera.A mutation in a single gene (called pf) ca gives a defect in a origin plasma membrane protein called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTC). This gene is found on chromosome 7 (W.J.M. Kinnear et al, 1991 p. 52), and it is this gene that normally controls the political campaign of calcium ions. With it non-functional, calcium ions can non pass through the membrane (P.H. Raven G.B. Johnson, 2002 p.261). As with many other inherited disorders, the pf gene has pleiotropic consummations, i.e. one gene has multiple effects, in this case overly sticky mucus, clogged blood vessels, salty sweat, pancreas and liver failure and many other symptoms (Raven Johnson, 2002, p.253).Sometimes the gene appears to have the correct aminic acid sequence but the condition is still stated. This appears to be collect to a defect in one of the chaperone proteins, proteins that enable the gene product to fold to its final form. With the chaperone protein defective this does not occur and so cystic fibrosis is still the result (P.H. Raven GB Johnson, 2002 p.44). The table below shows (a) features of cystic fibrosis, (a) and (b) some complications arising from it.FEATURES OF CYSTIC FIBROSISrespiratory manifestationsGastrointestinal manifestationsRecurrent bronchopulmonary infectionMeconium iliusBronchiectasisRectal prolapseDiarrhoea affliction to thriveMalabsorptionCOMPLICATIONS OF CYSTIC FIBROSISRespiratory complications some other complicationsBronchiectasisAbdominal painCor pulmonaleBiliary cirrhosisHaemoptysis retard sedanertyLobar collapseDiabetes mellitusAllergic aspergillosusGall stonesSinusitisGrowth failureNasal polypsMale sterilityWheezingPortal hypertensionPneumothoraxRectal prolapse(Definitionscor pulmonale disease of the heart characterised by hypertropy and dilation of the remediate ventricle and secondary disease of the lungs or their blood vessels.Bronhiectasis a inveterate inflammatory or chronic condition of one or more bronchi or bronchioles marked by dilation and loss of shot of the walls. Anon, 2006 in Medline Plus, Medical Dictionary)Other complications can also occur, some these being given by P. McGowan (2003 p.142) as Meningitis, Metastatic abscess (e.g. in the brain, and Amyloid formation (e.g. in the kidney).At present cystic fibrosis is evermore a fatal condition, death occurring either from the condition itself, or from one of its many complications. however the protrudelook for the patient, both in terms of life span and quality of life has continued to improve over the last few decades. Where once it was largely a disease of childhood with only about 5% nock the age of 17, a 1987 publication estimates perhaps 25% surviving to age 20 (G.K. Crompton, 1987 p. 292). By 2003 though, the opine survival had risen to 29 days (P. Mc Gowan, 2003. p.143).There are some(prenominal) methods of intervention for cystic fibrosis, improvements in some of these being responsible for much of the improvement in outcome for patients seen today. These methods impart be discussed, in particular the traditional physiatrics methods of Postural Drainage and Percussion, and compared to the effect of cultivate on the patients prognosis. But first a brief consideration of the effects of cystic fibrosis so that it is clear what the treatment is aiming to change.Cystic Fibrosis Signs and SymptomsCystic fibrosis is primarily a disease of the respiratory system, although various other parts of the corpse are also affected. It is ca applyd by the gene mutation referred to in the introduction. There are up to 500 different mutations, but 3 main ones, which cause 90% of the cases (W.J.M. Kinnear et al, 1999, p.52). These adversely affect the exocrine glands and the mucus-secreting glands, resulting in excess mucus and difficulty in clearing it. All such glands are affected, thus its all-inclusive ranging effects on other organs apart from the lungs, e.g. the pancreas. The excess mucus production is difficult to remove, due to impaired ciliary action in the airways leading to repeat infections and bronchiectasis.The disease is normally present at birth, although initially it whitethorn be asymptomatic or conf employ with other respiratory conditions such as asthma. Early signs of the disease are not always of a respiratory nature however, as some new-borns present with meconium ilius, while in some young children malabsorption and failure to thrive occur (W.J.M. Kinnear et al, 1999, p.52). Respiratory complications are however, the main feature, and broadly speaking present by age ten. Thick, viscid mucus is produced which is difficult to shift, and the bronchial restriction it causes leads to infection. This leads to further obstruction as DNA from dead bacteria annexs the viscosity and so produces a bicy cle of infection and increasing viscosity.Coughs, occasional at first, become more frequent, eventually leading to bronchiectasis with persistant purulent impassivity expectoration. There may be blood in the sputum (haemoptysis), wheezing and intestinal obstruction, and the patient may become breathless (P. Howard, 1991, p. 28). These conditions worsen, nutrition may be poor leading to stunted growth, and finger unite becomes common as bronchial infection takes hold, and finally, in the terminal stages there may be cyanosis and cor pulmonaleAs can be seen from the aforementioned, cystic fibrosis is not a straightforward disease, and lots, especially in babies and young children corroboratory diagnosis can be difficult. Symptoms may be similar to other respiratory conditions, particularly in the early stages, plus secondary conditions may occur. These include infections such as with Staphylococcal pneumonia, this initial infection allowing further infections with other bacteria, particularly where broad spectrum antibiotics have been used so removing non-pathogens and allowing colonisation by drug resistant Staphylococci. If the patient survives to 16 or 17 years of age gastrointestinal problems may continue, but then respiratory disease tends to dominate, ending with cor pulmonale and/or respiratory failure (P. Howard, 1991, p138).Because of the variety of symptoms and the difficulty sometimes of diagnosing cystic fibrosis, there is no one specific treatment, treatment being aimed at the removal of mucus secretions so aiding prevention and control of pulmonary symptoms (GK Crompton, 1987, p. 291). And this is the more effective the earlier in the disease process it is started. Thus a definite diagnosis as early as possible result lead to more effective treatment.Various tests are carried out when cystic fibrosis is suspected. This may be because of a family history of the disease, failure of the child to grow at the expected rate, gastrointestinal probl ems or other respiratory problems such as asthma with which it may be confused. Pre-natal diagnosis may be carried out by amniocentesis or chorion-villous sampling if parents are known to be carriers of the condition. Otherwise various tests, e.g. the Guthrie test, the Immunoreactive trypsin test or most commonly the Sweat test (in which raised levels of sodium and chloride in the sweat are interpreted as a clear indication of the disease and is the most accurate test for this) are carried out. However the sweat test is not always so effective in adults.Traditional Treatments Postural Drainage and PercussionOnce the condition has been diagnosed treatment should be started immediately, even if the child has only minor symptoms or is asymptomatic. Treatment(s) may be based on any or all of the following Physiotherapy, Antibiotics, DNase (to degrade the bacterial DNA that builds up in the airways, Anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional support. It is the physiotherapy treatment that w ill now be considered.The two traditional physiotherapy proficiencys that are used for Cystic Fibrosis patients are Postural Drainage and Percussion. As the name implies, the former technique centres around placing the patient in a particular posture to hurry run out of excess mucus from the airways. It is used in the treatment of bronchiectasis and lung abscesses, and the patient is placed head downwards so that the trachea is down and below the affected area so allowing drain to occur (Anon, 2006). The use of postural waste pipe has quite a long history, with the first reference to its use in 1901 by W. Ewart in the Lancet (L. Lannefors et al, 2004). Ewart suggested continuous drainage for hours, with the patient sleeping in the position if possible.For postural drainage their are 12 positions, one for all(prenominal) lung unit, and once the patient is in the appropriate one percussion section is applied (L.Lannefors et al, 2004). Percussion is a technique used to assess ch anges in the thorax or abdomen, and is carried out by tapping the surface to deduce the underlying structure. It is through with(p) with the middle finger of the right hand tapping on the middle finger of the left hand, which is positioned with the whole palm on the body (Anon, 2006). This can produce 4 different sounds, sonorous, hypersonorous, relatively dull sound, or completely dull sound, these indicating the structure below. For example a real mass will produce a dull sound, while a hollow, air-containing structure will produce a sonorous sound.No studies have been carried out on the effects of manual percussion, but it is public opinion that air trapped between the chest wall and the cupped hand produces a vibratory wave that loosens secretions link to the airway walls. These two techniques are often used in conjunction, a problem with the postural draining being the time that the patient must lie in the appropriate position, an hour being suggested as the effective time . For babies and toddlers an hour in this position is only likely to be possible when they are asleep. For old(a) patients compliance with the treatment may be difficult how many children or teenagers can happily expect still in a particular position for up to an hour without boredom setting in?But what of the actual effectiveness of these techniques? They have been used for a long time now often with modifications to the original method. There is much in the literature concerning these methods but including much that is conflicting, leaving the benefit of these treatments not always clear.There are now many techniques for airway headway including variations on the two in question, thus it is difficult to make a straight comparison between them all. SG Butler and RJ Sutherland (1998) looked at some(prenominal)(prenominal) airway clearance techniques and concluded that no one technique was shown superior to the others. But a long-run study comparing conventional postural drainag e and percussion with the positive expiratory pressure (PEP) technique found PEP to be significantly better. One other study looking at several techniques concluded that there was no particular difference between them, but that all were better than no treatment (J Thomas D Brooks, 1995).More recent papers indicate a lesser use of postural drainage in its original form, for example BM Button et al, (2004), compared traditional postural drainage with a modified form and found that the latter resulted in less episodes of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Similarly a followup of the physiotherapy management of hospitalised children (K Farbotko et al, 2005) revealed a significant decrease in the use of postural drainage, but an emergence in the use of a modified postural drainage system, and positive expiratory pressure devices. Other methods showed no significant change in their use.Another recent study (F Dennis MJ Rosen, 2006) considered non pharmacological airway clearance therapies by reviewing many papers on the subject, and concluded that such therapies did augment airway clearance, but that their effect compared with the unassisted cough was unknown. Thus there are many studies but they are often not comparable, they assess different methods, do not always have large enough sample sizes to make statistical comparisons, and of course are using different groups of patients who may vary in many ways. For exemplar in age, sex, seriousness of their symptoms, or in compliance with the treatments. CM Oermann et al, (2000) found that it was the sicker patients who were more likely to be compliant, something that could skew results if not taken into account in further studies.Benefits of ExerciseIn recent years more emphasis has been placed on the use of exercise as a means of treating cystic fibrosis patients, and for these an improvement in aerobiotic capacity is particularly useful. Exercise has benefits for all, and changes in both anaerophilous and aerophilous systems can occur depending on the type of training undertaken. Improvements in anaerobic systems are of more use in preparing for short-lived events requiring power or speed, e.g. weight lifting or sprinting, while improvements in aerobic systems are needed for distance events. In patients whose respiratory systems are compromised as in cystic fibrosis there will often be a step-down in lung volume or distensibility, with a corresponding reduction in vital capacity, total lung capacity and also inspiratory ponderousness strength (M Estenne et al, 1993). For these patients aerobic exercise is likely to be useful.Aerobic respiration causes various changes in the individuals metabolism and in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Some of these are listed below, the list being compiled from Exercise Physiology, by McArdale et al, (1996)Metabolic AdaptationsMitochondria from trained skeletal muscle become larger and more numerousIncreased capacity to generate ATPAn increase in t he trained muscles capacity to mobilise, deliver and oxidise lipidsIncreased carbohydrate metabolismSelective hypertrophy of spendthrift and slow twitch muscle types depending on useCardiovascular and Respiratory AdaptationsHeart size generally increasesIncrease in plasma volumeHeart rate decreases as a result of aerobic trainingThe hearts stroke volume and cardiac output increasesA significant increase in quantity of oxygen extracted from the bloodAerobic training causes a large increase in total muscle blood flow during maximal exerciseBlood pressure is reduced both at rest and at sub-maximal exercisePsychological benefits.A consideration of the above list indicates several changes of interest for the cystic fibrosis patient, for example the increase in oxygen extracted from the blood and an increase in the force to oxidise lipids. And psychological changes produced by sport or any physical activity are grand for both the healthy individual and the CF patient. It can reduce mil d depression, aid in sleeping, and give confidence in ones physical abilities, all which will make the patient more confident in themselves and in their handling of their condition. Although exercise alone is not going to replace all other treatments, it has a definite place as one of them, especially in the earlier and milder stages of the disease.An overview of treatment for cystic fibrosis (L Lannefors et al, 2004), describes the methods used at the Lund CF Centre in Sweden, starting in the 1980s. There the treatment is tailored to each individual, with an emphasis on physical activity and absolutely no use of postural drainage or percussion (not used there since 1983). The treatment is started as soon as the condition is diagnosed and incorporates much physical activity. This is particularly important for babies or very young children, as they need to get used to soulfulness applying physiotherapy. Left to the age of 3 or 4 years the child may not be very amenable to what to th em is a boring and pointless activity, but started sooner is more likely to evaluate the treatment.The activity part of the treatment is tailored for each individual with their input taken into account, and aims to keep air-ways as clear as possible using physical activity, and physical activity as therapy for adults with bronchiectasis has been described ( J Pryor, 2004). Although there appears to be little to back the approach considering the lack of rigorous clinical studies available, it does appear from accrued clinical experience that patients benefit from it.The paper by DM Orenstein et al, (2004) considers at length strength and aerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis, with many similar points made as in L Lannefors et al, (2004) overview of CF treatments. The introduction to this paper contains a brief review of many others, often showing similarities in results but not backed up by rigorous clinical studies. This study is the first fully randomize trial, measur ing fitness, pulmonary function and quality of life, and was tested on a home based exercise programme. The CF patients were chosen according to pre-set criteria and randomly allocated to treatments. Thus the results could be analysed to check for any significant changes in outcomes.Results for this study were not always as expected, particularly for the aerobic training group which showed no increase in measures of aerobic fitness over time. It did not produce any greater fitness or pulmonary function than strength training. However both groups showed significant increases in weight gain, of particular importance, as CF children are often underweight leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The trial did not always give the expected results, but as great care had been taken with the experimental design, at to the lowest degree the results could be properly quantified and analysed.ConclusionIn conclusion, it would appear that work still needs to be done regarding appropriate e xperimental design, to fully understand the rationales for treatment, and to fully appreciate the effect of physical activity on aerobic capacity and disease progression. For as Orenstain et al commentExercise has the big businessman to improve the ability of a patient with Cystic Fibrosis to cope with the physical demands of everyday life (Chest 2004, 1261204-1214)REFERENCESAnon (2006) Medline Plus on-line(a) Medical Dictionary http//www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm accessed 29/04/06Butler, SG, Sutherland, RJ (1998) Current airway clearance techniques. New Zealand Medical Journal vol 111183-186Button, BM, Heine, RG, Catto-Smith, AG, Phelan, PD Olinsky, A (2004) Archives of Disease in Childhood vol 89435-439Crompton,GK (1987) Diagnosis and Management of Respiratory Diseases second ed pub Blackwll Scientific PublicationsDennis, F, Rosen, MJ (2006) Monpharmacological Airway Clearance Therapies Chest. vol 129250S-259SEstenne, M., Gevenois, PA, Kinnear, W, Soudon, P, Heilp orn, A De Troyer, A. (1993) Lung volume restriction in patients with chronic respiratory muscle weakness the role of microatelectasis. Thorax vol. 48(7)698-701Farbotko, K, Wilson, C, Watter, P and MacDonald, J (2005) Change in physiotherapy management of children with cystic fibrosis in a large urban hospital. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice vol. 21(1)pp13-21Howard, P (1991) Respiratory care for in Clinical Practice pub Edward ArnoldKinnear, WJM, Johnston, IDA. Hall, IP. (1999) Key Topics in Respiratory Medicine pub Biosis Scientific PublishersLannefors, L, Button, BM Mcilwaine, M. (2004) Physiology in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis current practice and future developments. Journal. of the magnificent Society of Medicine vol 97 (suppl 44)8-25McArdle, WC. Katch FI, Katch, VL. (1996) Exercise Physiology Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance 4th ed. Williams Watkins, pub McGowan, P (2003) Respiratory System 2nd ed. Mosby, pub.McIlwaine, PM, Wong, LT, Peacoc k, D Davidson, AGF (1997) Journal of Pediatrics vol 131(4)570-574Raven, PH Johnson, GB (2002) Biology 6th ed. pub McGraw Hill,Oermannr, CM, Swank, PR Sockrider, MM. (2000) Chest vol 118(1)92-97Orenstein, DM, Hovell, Mulvihill, MF, Keating, KK, Hofstetter, CR, Kelsey, S, Morris, K, and Nixon, PA. (2004) Strength vs Aerobic Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Chest. vol 126pp 1204-1214Pryor, J. (2004) Physical Therapy for Adults with Bronchiectasis. Clinical pulmonary Medicine vol. 11(4)201-209 J R Soc Med 200497(suppl. 44)pp8-25Thomas, J, Cook, DJ Brooks, D. (1995) Chest physical therapy management of patients with cystic fibrosis a meta-analysis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. vol 151 (3 part 1)846-850